Tehran University of Medical Sciences International Journal of Occupational Hygiene 2008-5109 16 2 2025 08 30 25 34 Mahdi Jafari Nodoushan Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali Jafari Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mostafa Jafari Zaveh Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Vida Rezaei Hachesu Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Reza Monazzam Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2025 02 03 2025 02 26 Background: The increasing global use of mobile phones has raised concerns about the potential effects of microwave (MW) and radiofrequency (RF) radiation on male reproductive health. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent evidence (2015–2024) regarding the impact of mobile phone exposure on male reproductive cells. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords such as “mobile phones” ,“sperm” and “reproduction.” Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, and data were extracted by year, geographic location, exposure frequency, and reproductive outcomes. Results: The review revealed that sperm motility and morphology were the most frequently examined parameters. Experimental studies—particularly those involving animal models—dominate the literature, with a notable concentration of research originating from Asian countries such as India. However, a striking lack of cohort studies remains, limiting insights into long-term, real-world effects on human fertility. Conclusion: This review highlights potential adverse effects of mobile phone exposure on male reproductive cells but emphasizes the need for standardized methodologies and additional cohort studies to fill existing gaps. Future research should prioritize well-controlled, longitudinal cohort studies to clarify associated risks and guide public health recommendations, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of mobile phone use. https://ijoh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijoh/article/view/669 https://ijoh.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijoh/article/download/669/839