Investigating the Mobile Phones Radiofrequency Waves’ Impact on Different Cows Brain Tissue Depth and Brain Tissue Temperature Variation
Abstract
Prevalent use of mobile phones has led to increasing worries about the effect of radiofrequency waves on the physiology of human body. This study was aimed to determine the mobile phones radiofrequency waves’ impact on different brain tissue depth and brain tissue temperature. In this empirical research, a cow’s brain tissue was placed in a compartment and the effects of radiofrequency waves of the mobile phone were analyzed during and after radiation, in three different brain tissue depths of 2, 12, and 22 mm, in 4 mm and 4 cm distances of the tissue to a mobile phone, for 15 min. Lutron thermometer was used to measure the tissue temperatures. Data were analyzed using Lutron software. The rate of temperature increasing in 22 mm depth was higher than 2 and 12mm depths. The results also showed that during radiation of the brain tissue in 4 mm distance by the mobile phone, the tissue temperatures in 2, 12, and 22 mm depths were increased 0.29 ˚C, 0.31 ˚C, and 0.37 ˚C, respectively, relative to the base temperature (tissue temperature before radiation). Moreover, the brain tissue temperature in 4 cm distance was more sensitive than other depths. There was also a direct relationship between brain tissue depth and tissue temperature increase after mobile phone radiofrequency waves’ radiation. The temperature in 22 mm depth increased with higher speed. Not only radiofrequency waves of mobile phones increased the tissue temperature in all depths of the brain tissue, but also the higher temperature was observed in the 22 mm tissue depth. In fact, the radiofrequency wave’s thermal affect was higher in higher depths.
2. Anguera J, Andújar A, Huynh M-C, Orlenius C, Picher C, Puente C. Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation. 2013;2013:1-25.
3. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical neurology. 2009;72(3):205-14.
4. Lahiri B, Bagavathiappan S, Soumya C, Jayakumar T, Philip J. Infrared thermography based studies on mobile phone induced heating. Infrared Physics & Technology. 2015;71:242-51.
5. Develi I, Sorgucu U. Prediction of temperature distribution in human BEL exposed to 900MHz mobile phone radiation using ANFIS. Applied Soft Computing. 2015;37:1029-36.
6. Lindholm H, Alanko T, Rintamäki H, Kännälä S, Toivonen T, Sistonen H, et al. Thermal effects of mobile phone RF fields on children: a provocation study. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology. 2011;107(3):399-403.
7. Khalatbari S, Sardari D, Mirzaee AA, Sadafi HA. Calculating SAR in two models of the human head exposed to mobile phones radiations at 900 and 1800 MHz. PIERS Online. 2006;2(1):104-9.
8. Golmohammadi R, Kamalini M, Abed K, Karim S, Eshagh M. Investigating the Electromagnetic Fields of Common Cell Phones and Self-reported Symptoms of Users. Journal of Ergonomics. 2014;2(1):1-7.
9. Perrin A, Cretallaz C, Collin A, Amourette C, Yardin C. Effects of radiofrequency field on the blood-brain barrier: A systematic review from 2005 to 2009. Comptes Rendus Physique. 2010;11(9-10):602-12.
10. Rusnani A, Norsuzila N, editors. Measurement and analysis of temperature rise caused by handheld mobile telephones using infrared thermal imaging. RF and Microwave Conference, 2008 RFM 2008 IEEE International; 2008: IEEE.
11. Isa R, Pasya I, Taib M, Jahidin A, Omar W, Fuad N, et al. Classification of brainwave asymmetry influenced by mobile phone radiofrequency emission. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2013;97:538-45.
12. Anderson V, Rowley J. Measurements of skin surface temperature during mobile phone use. Bioelectromagnetics. 2007;28(2):159.
13. Wessapan T, Srisawatdhisukul S, Rattanadecho P. Specific absorption rate and temperature distributions in human head subjected to mobile phone radiation at different frequencies. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2012;55(1):347-59.
14. Martens L. Electromagnetic safety of children using wireless phones: a literature review. Bioelectromagnetics. 2005;26(S7):S133-S7.
15. Alaei P. Introduction to health physics. Medical Physics. 2008;35(12):5959.
16. Beason RC, Semm P. Responses of neurons to an amplitude modulated microwave stimulus. Neuroscience Letters. 2002;333(3):175-8.
17. Hocking B, Westerman R. Neurological effects of radiofrequency radiation. Occupational Medicine. 2003;53(2):123-7.
18. Mortazavi SMJ, Atefi M. The ability of GSM mobile phone users in detecting exposure to electromagnetic fields and the bioeffects of these fields on their vital signs. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2015.
19. Kesari KK, Siddiqui M, Meena R, Verma H, Kumar S. Cell phone radiation exposure on brain and associated biological systems. Indian J Exp Biol 2013;51(3):187-200.
20. Li H-J, Peng R-Y, Wang C-Z, Qiao S-M, Yong Z, Gao Y-B, et al. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Physiology & behavior. 2015;140:236-46.
21. Papageorgiou CC, Nanou ED, Tsiafakis VG, Kapareliotis E, Kontoangelos KA, Capsalis CN, et al. Acute mobile phone effects on pre-attentive operation. Neuroscience Letters. 2006;397(1):99-103.
22. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hämäläinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Neuroreport. 2000;11(8):1641-3.
23. Saikhedkar N, Bhatnagar M, Jain A, Sukhwal P, Sharma C, Jaiswal N. Effects of mobile phone radiation (900 MHz radiofrequency) on structure and functions of rat brain. Neurological research. 2014;36(12):1072-9.
24. Ezz HA, Khadrawy Y, Ahmed N, Radwan N, El Bakry M. The effect of pulsed electromagnetic radiation from mobile phone on the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in four different areas of rat brain. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(13):1782-8.
25. Hossain M, Faruque MRI, Islam MT. Analysis on the effect of the distances and inclination angles between human head and mobile phone on SAR. Progress in biophysics and molecular biology. 2015;119(2):103-10.
26. Kivekas O, Ollikainen J, Lehtiniemi T, Vainikainen P. Bandwidth, SAR, and efficiency of internal mobile phone antennas. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic compatibility. 2004;46(1):71-86.
27. Hirata A, Sugiyama H, Fujiwara O. Estimation of core temperature elevation in humans and animals for whole-body averaged SAR. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2009;99:53-70.
Files | ||
Issue | Vol 11 No 2 (2019) | |
Section | Original Article(s) | |
Published | 2019-08-11 | |
Keywords | ||
Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Waves Brain Tissue Temperature Tissue Depth |
Rights and permissions | |
![]() |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |