The Limitations of WBGT Index for Application in Industries: A Systematic Review
-
Farideh Golbabaei
,
Akbar Ahmadi Asour
,
Sepideh keyvani
,
Malihe Kolahdoozi
,
Mahdi Mohammadiyan
,
Fatemeh Fasih-Ramandi
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) is still widely applied as a preliminary tool for evaluating the heat stress. This index faces some limitations not considered yet. This systematic review was conducted aiming at highlighting some limitations for development of the WBGT index.
Method: The present study was organized using more extensive databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scientific Information Databases (SID), Elsevier, Web of Science, Scopus, Irandoc, Magiran, and Iran Medex. The used search terms were WBGT index, Heat stress, Thermal Stress, Heat strain, Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, Hot Condition, Occupational Health and Occupational Exposure indices. In this study, 69 articles from 1950 to December 2020 were assessed.
Conclusion: The WBGT index, despite having some advantages, suffers limitations which should be considered for a more accurate estimate of thermal stress. This study pointed to the new limitations; including, the value of WBGT is not clear for persons whose working in a seated posture. In addition, this index is used for adapted people who have used enough water and salt while water and salt are not always available to workers in all hot working environments, hence using this index will come with an error. Also, in heterogeneous environments, if the heat source is at the height of the face and legs, no coefficient would be taken into account for these areas.
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7. Wang Y, Meng X, Yang X, Liu J. Influence of convection and radiation on the thermal environment in an industrial building with buoyancy-driven natural ventilation. Energ Build. 014;75: 394-401.
8. Ciriello VM, SH. S. The prediction of WBGT from the Botsball. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1977;38:264-271.
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13. Hajizadeh R, Farhang DS, Mehri A, Golbabaei F, Beheshti MH, Haghighatjou H. Heat stress assessment in outdoor workplaces of a hot arid climate based on meteorological data: a case study in Qom, Iran. J Mil Med. 2015.
14. Vatani J, Golbabaei F, Dehghan SF, Yousefi A. Applicability of Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) in occupational heat stress assessment: a case study in brick industries. Ind Health. 2015; 17: 89-95.
15. Monazzam M, Golbabaei F, Hematjo R, Hosseini M, Nassiri P, Farharng-Dehghan S. Evaluation of DI, WBGT, and SWreq/PHS heat stress indices for estimating the heat load on the employees of a petrochemical industry. Int J Occup Hyg. 2014;6(1): 6-10.
16. Heydari H, Golbabaei F, Shamsipour A, Rahimi-Forushani A, Gaeini A. Evaluation of heat stress among farmers using Environmenta l and biological monitoring: a study in north of Iran. Int J Occup Hyg. 2015;7(1): 1-9.
17. Heidari H, Rahimifard H, Mohammadbeigi A, Golbabaei F, Sahranavard R, Shokri Z. Validation of air enthalpy in evaluation of heat stress using wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and body core temperature: A case study in a hot and dry climate. Health Saf Work. 2018;8(1): 81-92. [In Persian].
18. Kakaei H, Omidi F, Ghasemi R, Sabet MR, Golbabaei F. Changes of WBGT as a heat stress index over the time: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urban Clim. 2019;27: 284-292.
19. Hamerezaee M, Dehghan SF, Golbabaei F, Fathi A, Barzegar L, Heidarnejad N. Assessment of semen quality among workers exposed to heat stress: a cross-sectional study in a Steel Industry. Saf Health Work. 2018;9(2): 232-235.
20. Heidari HR, Golbabaei F, Arsang Jang S, Shamsipour AA. Validation of humidex in evaluating heat stress in the outdoor jobs in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran. Health Saf Work. 2016;6(3): 29-42. [In Persian].
21. Mazloumi A, Golbabaei F, Khani SM, Kazemi Z, Hosseini M, Abbasinia M, Dehghan SF. Evaluating effects of heat stress on cognitive function among workers in a hot industry. Health Promot Perspect. 2014;4(2): 240-246.
22. Teimori G, Monazzam MR, Nassiri P, Golbabaei F, Dehghan SF, Ghannadzadeh MJ, Asghari M. Applicability of the model presented by Australian Bureau of Meteorology to determine WBGT in outdoor workplaces: A case study. Urban Clim. 2020;32:100609.
23. Heidari H, Golbabaei F, Shamsipour A, Forushani AR, Gaeini A. Consistency between sweat rate and wet bulb globe temperature for the assessment of heat stress of people working outdoor in arid and semi-arid regions. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2018;9(1): 1-9.
24. Hajizadeh R, Farhang Dehghan S, Golbabaei F, Jafari SM, Karajizadeh M. Offering a model for estimating black globe temperature according to meteorological measurements. Meteorol Appl. 2017;24(2): 303-307.
25. Golbabaei F, Rostami Aghdam Shendi M, Monazzam M, Hosseini M. Investigation of heat stressbased on WBGT index and its relationship with physiological parameters among outdoor workers of Shabestar city. J Health Saf Work. 2015;5(2): 85-94. [In Persian].
26. Epstein Y, Moran DS. Thermal comfort and the heat stress indices. Ind Health. 2006;44(3): 388-398.
27. Yaglou C, Minaed D. Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Arch Ind Health. 1957;16(4): 302-316.
28. Golbabaei F, Monazzam MM, Hematjo R, M. H, Farhang-Dehghan S. The assessment of heat stress and heat strain in pardis petrochemical complex, Tehran, Iran. Int J Occup Hyg. 2013;5(1): 6-11.
29. Golbabaei F, Panjali Z, Borhani M, Rahmani A, Afzali M, Asghari M. The effect of environmental factors on job Performance using manual and mental tests. J Health Saf Work. 2014;4(2): 79-92.
30. Haji-Azimi E, Khavanin A, Aghajani M, Soleymanian A. Thermal stress measurement according to WBGT index in smelting industry. Iran J Mil Med Summer. 2011;13(2): 59-64.
31. ACGIH. Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents-Heat Stress and Heat Strain. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 2016; Cincinnati, USA.
32. Parsons K. Heat Stress Standard ISO 7243 andits global application. Ind Health. 2006;44(3): 368-379.
33. Yaglou CP, Minard D. Control of heat casualties at military training centers. Arch Ind Health. 1957;16(4): 302-316.
34. Leithead CS, Lind AR. Heat stress and heat disorders. Open J Prev Med. 1964; 6(1).
35. ACGIH. Heat Stress and Strain TLV®. In Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents. Cincinnati, OH, USA, 2013.
36. Budd GM. Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT)—its history and its limitations. J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11(1): 20-32.
37. d'Ambrosio F, Palella B, Riccio G, Alfano G. Criteria for assessing severely hot environments: from the WBGT index to the PHS (predicted heat strain) model. Med Lav. 2004;95(4):255-274.
38. ISO 8996. Ergonomics of the thermal environment – determination of metabolism heat production. 2001.
39. Mahdavi S, Esmaelzadeh A, Ebrahemzadeh F, Rashidi R, Naeimi N. Comparing the Core Body Temperature and the Heat Stress indices of HSI and WBGT in lorestan Steels Industry Workers. Arch Hyg Sci. 2014;3(4):160-6.[In Persian].
40. ISO 7243. Ergonomics of the thermal environment—assessment of heat stress using the WBGT (wet bulb globe temperature) index. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 3rd edn. Geneva.. 2017.
41. ACGIH. TLVs and BELs, Threshold Limit Values For Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, , ACGIH Signature Pub- lications, Cincinnati. 2004; pp168-176.
42. NIOSH. Criteria for a recommended standard. Occupational exposure to hot environments. Revised criteria 1986. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication, 1986; pp 86-113.
43. Golbabaie F, Monazam Esmaielpour MR , Hemmatjou R, Nasiri P, Pouryaaghoub GR, M H. Comparing the Heat Stress (DI, WBGT, SW) Indices and the Men Physiological Parameters in Hot and Humid Environment. Iran J Health Environ. 2012;5(2): 245-252. [In Persian].
44. Brake R, Bates G. A valid method for comparing rational and empirical heat stress indices. Ann Occup Hyg. 2002;46(2): 165-174.
45. Peters H. Evaluating the heat stress indices recommended by ISO. Int J Ind Ergon. 1991;7(1): 1-9.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 4 (2021) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Published | 2021-12-30 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/ijoh.v13i4.8429 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Exposure to Heat Heat Stress Thermal stress WBGT index | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Golbabaei F, Ahmadi Asour A, keyvani S, Kolahdoozi M, Mohammadiyan M, Fasih-Ramandi F. The Limitations of WBGT Index for Application in Industries: A Systematic Review. Int J Occup Hyg. 2021;13(4):365-381.
