Investigating Organizational Safety Climate and Its Impact on Incidence of Unsafe Behaviors among Firefighters
Safety Climate and Its Impact on Incidence of Unsafe Behaviors among Firefighters
Abstract
Introduction: Accidents may occur in all occupations. However, firefighting is considered as one of the most dangerous occupations considering firefighters’ perception of security, work-related injury rate, safety behaviors, attitudes and norms. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the correlation between the organizational safety climate and unsafe behaviors among firefighters.
Methodology: This was a descriptive and survey research. The statistical population included all the managers and employees working in a fire department consisting of 16 fire stations in Tehran. A researcher-made checklist and an organizational safety climate questionnaire were used to assess the prevalence of unsafe behaviors and safety climate. The data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 software.
Results: The employees’ mean age, body mass index (BMI) and work, rest and exercise duration were 32.5±66.83 years old, 25.69±3.7, 9.2±14.1 h/d, 8.15±1.73 h/d and 5.44±4.46 h/w, respectively. Also, 66% of the employees were overweight and 29% had normal weight. Among the safety climate dimensions, the highest mean was related to management commitment to safety issues (33.7±62.68) and the lowest mean was related to priority over products (6.1±03.63). Unsafe behaviors were mostly associated with lack of using the breathing apparatus in small fires (91.9%) as well as personal protective equipment (PPE) (77.4%) in accidents and not performing operations with inappropriate physical condition (38.7%). The t-test results revealed a significant correlation between the safety climate and prevalence of unsafe behaviors (P≤0.05). Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between the employees’ knowledge, participation, attitudes and environmental safety (P≤0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between emergency preparedness, safety priority and ignoring risks.
Conclusion: Organizational safety climate could affect and predict the employees’ behaviors. Therefore, it is recommended that fire department managers develop a plan to achieve the required safety climate and improve the safety climate level.
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7- Moore, M. L., Zhou, A., McDonald V. S., Goldstein, R. and Slocum, C. (2008). Contributing factors to firefighter line-of-duty injury in metropolitan fire departments in the United States, United States Fire Association Report, USA
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10- Parker, D., Lawrie, M. and Hudson, P. (2006). A framework for understanding the development of organisational safety culture. Safety Science, 44(6), 551-562.
11- Pessemier, W. L. and England, R. E. (2012). Safety culture in the US fire service: An empirical definition. International Journal of Emergency Services, 1(1), 10– 28.
12- Smith, T. D., DeJoy, D. M., Dyal, M. A., Pu, Y. and Dickinson, S. (2019). Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research, 69, 53–60
13- Smith, T. D., Eldridge, F.and DeJoy, D. M. (2016). Safety-specific transformational and passive leadership influences on firefighter safety climate perceptions and safety behavior outcomes. Safety Science, 86, 92–97.
14- Parker, D., Lawrie, M. and Hudson, P. (2006). A framework for understanding the development of organisational safety culture. Safety Science, 44(6), 551-562.
15- Szubert, Z., W. Sobala, W., (2002). Work-related Injuries among Firefighters: Site and Circumstances of Their Occurance. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 15, 49-55.
16- Richardson, K. (2008). Evaluating the Organizational Culture within the Coppell Fire Department, National Fire Academy Report, Texas, USA.
17- Walton, S., Conrad, K., Furner, S. and Samo, D. (2003). Cause, type, and workers’ compensation costs of injury to fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 454-458.
18- Welbourne, J. and Booth-Butterfield, S. (2005). Using the theory of planned behavior and a stage mode of persuasion to evaluate a safety message for firefighters. Health Communication, 18(2), 141-154.
19- Windham, R. (2005). A baseline measurement of the woodlands fire department’s safety culture, United States Fire Administration Report, USA.
20- Myers DJ, Nyceb JM, Dekker SWA. Setting culture apart: Distinguishing culture from behavior and social structure in safety and injury research. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2014; 68: 25–29
21- Murphy LA, Robertson MM, Carayon P. The next generation of macro ergonomics: integrating safety climate. Accident analysis and prevention. 2014; 68: 16-24.
22- Varonen U, Mattila M. The safety climate and its relationship to safety practices, safety of the work environment and occupational accidents in eight wood-processing companies. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2000; 32(6): 761–769
23- Eid J, Mearns K, Larsson G, Laberg JC, Johnsen BH. Leadership, psychological capital and safety research: conceptual issues and future research questions. Safety Science. 2012; 50(1): 55-61.
24- Karsh B, Waterson P, Holden RJ. Crossing levels in systems ergonomics: a framework to support ‘mesoergonomic’ inquiry. Applied Ergonomics. 2014; 45(1): 45-54.
25- Cooper, M. D. (2000). Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, 36(2), 111-136.
26- Mearns, K. J. and Flin, R. (1999). Assessing the state of organizational safety—culture or climate? Current Psychology, 18(1), 5-17.
27- Sexton, J. B., Helmreich, R. L., Neilands, T. B., Rowan, K., Vella, K., Boyden, J. and Thomas, E. J. (2006). The safety attitudes questionnaire: psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, 6(1), 44.
28- Wiegmann, D. A., Zhang, H., Von T. T., Sharma, G.and Mitchell, A. (2002). A synthesis of safety culture and safety climate research. Aviation Research Lab, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA.
29- Patankar, M. ve Sabin, E. (2010). The Safety Vulture Perspective, In E. Salas and D. Maurino (Eds.) Human Factors in Aviation, Second Edition. Chennai, India: Elsevier. S 99–101.
30- DeCotiis, T.A.; summers, T.P. A path analysis of a model of the antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment. Hum. Relat. 1987, 40, 445–470. [CrossRef]
31- Pourbabaki R, Beigzadeh Z, Haghshenas B, Karimi A, Alaei Z, Yazdanirad S. Modeling of the Safety Climate and the Cultural Attitudes to Predict Unsafe Behaviors Using the Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Archives of Occupational Health. 2020; 4(2): 548-56
32- Zohar, D., (2000). A Group-Level Model of Safety Climate: Testing the Effect of Group Climate on Micro-accidents in Manufacturing Jobs. J Appl Psychol, 85, 587-596.
33- Nuruzzakiyah, M. I., Ezrin, H. S., Hanida, A. A., Junaidah, Z., (2019). An Investigation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) on Safety Climate at Workplace in Manufacturing Industry, Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 16:2, 21 – 30.
34- Cooper M.D. (2000). Towords A Model of Safety Culture, safety Sciences Vol. 36, P. 111-136.
35- Smith TD, DeJoy DM, Dyal MA. Safety specific transformational leadership, safety motivation and personal protective equipment use among firefighters. Safety science. 2020 Nov 1; 131:104930.
36- Smith TD, Mullins-Jaime C, Dyal MA, DeJoy DM. Stress, burnout and diminished safety behaviors: an argument for Total Worker Health® approaches in the fire service. Journal of safety research. 2020 Dec 1; 75:189-95.
37- Jeung DY, Chang SJ. Moderating Effects of Organizational Climate on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Burnout among Korean Firefighters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Jan; 18(3):914.
38- Rajabi F, Molaeifar H, Jahangiri M, Taheri S, Banaee S, Farhadi P. Occupational stressors among firefighters: application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) Techniques. Heliyon. 2020 Apr 1; 6(4):e03820.
39- Martinez-Fiestas M, Rodríguez-Garzón I, Delgado-Padial A. Firefighter perception of risk: A multinational analysis. Safety science. 2020 Mar 1; 123:104545.
40- Ryu HY, Hyun DS, Jeung DY, Kim CS, Chang SJ. Organizational Climate Effects on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Turnover Intention in Korean Firefighters. Safety and Health at Work. 2020 Dec 1; 11(4):479-84.
41- Todd D. Smith, David M. DeJoy, (2014) "Safety climate, safety behaviors and line-of-duty injuries in the fire service", International Journal of Emergency Services, Vol. 3 Issue: 1, pp.49-64, doi: 10.1108/IJES-04-2013-0010
42- Pedro, M., Arezes, A., Sérgio, M., (2003). The Role of Safety Culture in Safety Performance Measurement, Measuring Business Excellence, 7:4, 20 - 28
43- Walton, S., Conrad, K., Furner, S., Samo, D., (2003). Cause, Type and Workers' Compensation Costs of Injury to Firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 454-458.
44- Adl Javad. Jahangiri Mehdi, Rismanchian Massoud, Marie Oryad Hossein, Karimi Ali, Ghaderi Mohammad Reza. Atmospheric safety assessment in a steel industry. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research Volume 9, March 1, 2011, pp. 34 – 23
45- Mohammadi Zaidi, Issa, Heidarnia, Alireza, Niknami, Shamsuddin (2011): Assessing the safety atmosphere in the workplace, constructing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 10 (2) pp. 157-165
46- Mosadeghi, Mohsen, Vosoughi, Shahram, Babalu, Maryam (2016) To study the correlation between employee safety climate and statistical indicators of severity and frequency of accidents at work in the 63 kV transmission line project to Ziaran to Barakat Pharmaceutical Industrial Town, the first national management conference Crisis, safety, health, environment and sustainable development.
47- Cui L, Fan D, Fu G, Zhu CJ. An integrative model of organizational safety behavior. Journal of safety research. 2013 Jun 1; 45:37-46.
48- Hidari MH,Farshad AS.Arghami SH. Investigating the Relationship between Safety Atmosphere and Safe Behaviors in Production Line Employees of a Metal Industry in Arak, Iranian Journal of Occupational Health, Volume 4, Number 3 and 4. 2007.
49- Clarke S. An integrative model of safety climate: Linking psychological climate and work attitudes to individual safety outcomes using meta‐analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology. 2010 Sep; 83(3):553-78.
50- Smith TD, DeJoy DM, Dyal MA, Pu Y, Dickinson S. Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service. Journal of safety research. 2019 Jun 1; 69:53-60.
51- Givehchi S, Hemmativaghef E, Hoveidi H. Association between safety leading indicators and safety climate levels. Journal of safety research. 2017 Sep 1; 62:23-32.
52- Freaney C. Safety Culture and Safety Behaviors among Firefighters.2011.
53- Heidari M, Sajadi SH, Ghiyasi S. Assessment of Risk Perception and Safety Behavior among Firefighters of Operational Units in Tehran. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene. 2018 Dec 24; 10(4):199-208.
54- Gravand, Kakai, Hojjatullah, Mirzaei, Faizullah, Jamshidzadeh, Kobra, Zaidi Mofrad, Mehdi, Ground, Yousef. Identification of unsafe behaviors by safe behavior sampling method in workers of Ilam Gas Refining Company in 2013. Scientific Research Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2017 Nov 10; 25 (4): 99-107.
55- Mohamadfam I, Nouri J, Azadeh A. [The evaluation of safety behaviors in a gas treatment company in Iran]. J Loss Preve Proce Indus 2008; 21:25-319. (Persian)
56- Hashemeinejad N, Mohammad Fam I, Jafari R, Dortaj E, Kakaei H, Kakaei H. [Assessment of unsafe behavior types by safety behavior sampling method in oil refinery workes in 2009 and suggestions for control]. Occup Med quart J 2012; 4:25-33. (Persian)
57- Smith TD, Eldridge F, DeJoy DM. Safety-specific transformational and passive leadership influences on firefighter safety climate perceptions and safety behavior outcomes. Safety science. 2016 Jul 1; 86:92-7.
58- ÖZAY ME, YAZICI A, Rüştü UÇ. A Survey on Safety Culture: Fire Fighters. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences; 33(1):83-9.
2- Campo MA, Weiser S, Koenig KL. Job strain in physical therapists. Phys Ther. 2009; 89(9): 946-956.
3- Sadeghi Yarandi, Mohsen, Rastegarzadeh, Ehsan, Karimi, Ali. Study of the effectiveness of organizational leadership style and safety atmosphere on the occurrence of unsafe behaviors in oil rig employees. Journal of Occupational Health Engineering. 2020 Mar 10; 7 (1): 53-60.
4- Williams, A. (2007). Safety culture within the Anne Arundel county fire department, United States Fire Administration Report, Maryland, USA.
5- Szubert, Z. and Sobala, W. (2002). Work-related injuries among firefighters: sites and circumstances of their occurrence. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 15 (1), 49-55.
6- DeJoy, D. M., Smith, T. D.and Dyal, M. A. (2017). Safety climate and firefighting: Focus group results. Journal of Safety Research, 62, 107–116.
7- Moore, M. L., Zhou, A., McDonald V. S., Goldstein, R. and Slocum, C. (2008). Contributing factors to firefighter line-of-duty injury in metropolitan fire departments in the United States, United States Fire Association Report, USA
8- Young, P. (2001). The UK Approach to Firefighter Safety in Structure Fires. Fire Engineers Journal.
9- Clarke, S. (1999). Perceptions of organizational safety: implications for the development of safety culture. Journal of organizational Behavior, 185-198.
10- Parker, D., Lawrie, M. and Hudson, P. (2006). A framework for understanding the development of organisational safety culture. Safety Science, 44(6), 551-562.
11- Pessemier, W. L. and England, R. E. (2012). Safety culture in the US fire service: An empirical definition. International Journal of Emergency Services, 1(1), 10– 28.
12- Smith, T. D., DeJoy, D. M., Dyal, M. A., Pu, Y. and Dickinson, S. (2019). Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research, 69, 53–60
13- Smith, T. D., Eldridge, F.and DeJoy, D. M. (2016). Safety-specific transformational and passive leadership influences on firefighter safety climate perceptions and safety behavior outcomes. Safety Science, 86, 92–97.
14- Parker, D., Lawrie, M. and Hudson, P. (2006). A framework for understanding the development of organisational safety culture. Safety Science, 44(6), 551-562.
15- Szubert, Z., W. Sobala, W., (2002). Work-related Injuries among Firefighters: Site and Circumstances of Their Occurance. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, 15, 49-55.
16- Richardson, K. (2008). Evaluating the Organizational Culture within the Coppell Fire Department, National Fire Academy Report, Texas, USA.
17- Walton, S., Conrad, K., Furner, S. and Samo, D. (2003). Cause, type, and workers’ compensation costs of injury to fire fighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 454-458.
18- Welbourne, J. and Booth-Butterfield, S. (2005). Using the theory of planned behavior and a stage mode of persuasion to evaluate a safety message for firefighters. Health Communication, 18(2), 141-154.
19- Windham, R. (2005). A baseline measurement of the woodlands fire department’s safety culture, United States Fire Administration Report, USA.
20- Myers DJ, Nyceb JM, Dekker SWA. Setting culture apart: Distinguishing culture from behavior and social structure in safety and injury research. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 2014; 68: 25–29
21- Murphy LA, Robertson MM, Carayon P. The next generation of macro ergonomics: integrating safety climate. Accident analysis and prevention. 2014; 68: 16-24.
22- Varonen U, Mattila M. The safety climate and its relationship to safety practices, safety of the work environment and occupational accidents in eight wood-processing companies. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2000; 32(6): 761–769
23- Eid J, Mearns K, Larsson G, Laberg JC, Johnsen BH. Leadership, psychological capital and safety research: conceptual issues and future research questions. Safety Science. 2012; 50(1): 55-61.
24- Karsh B, Waterson P, Holden RJ. Crossing levels in systems ergonomics: a framework to support ‘mesoergonomic’ inquiry. Applied Ergonomics. 2014; 45(1): 45-54.
25- Cooper, M. D. (2000). Towards a model of safety culture. Safety Science, 36(2), 111-136.
26- Mearns, K. J. and Flin, R. (1999). Assessing the state of organizational safety—culture or climate? Current Psychology, 18(1), 5-17.
27- Sexton, J. B., Helmreich, R. L., Neilands, T. B., Rowan, K., Vella, K., Boyden, J. and Thomas, E. J. (2006). The safety attitudes questionnaire: psychometric properties, benchmarking data, and emerging research. BMC Health Services Research, 6(1), 44.
28- Wiegmann, D. A., Zhang, H., Von T. T., Sharma, G.and Mitchell, A. (2002). A synthesis of safety culture and safety climate research. Aviation Research Lab, University of Illinois, Illinois, USA.
29- Patankar, M. ve Sabin, E. (2010). The Safety Vulture Perspective, In E. Salas and D. Maurino (Eds.) Human Factors in Aviation, Second Edition. Chennai, India: Elsevier. S 99–101.
30- DeCotiis, T.A.; summers, T.P. A path analysis of a model of the antecedents and consequences of organizational commitment. Hum. Relat. 1987, 40, 445–470. [CrossRef]
31- Pourbabaki R, Beigzadeh Z, Haghshenas B, Karimi A, Alaei Z, Yazdanirad S. Modeling of the Safety Climate and the Cultural Attitudes to Predict Unsafe Behaviors Using the Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). Archives of Occupational Health. 2020; 4(2): 548-56
32- Zohar, D., (2000). A Group-Level Model of Safety Climate: Testing the Effect of Group Climate on Micro-accidents in Manufacturing Jobs. J Appl Psychol, 85, 587-596.
33- Nuruzzakiyah, M. I., Ezrin, H. S., Hanida, A. A., Junaidah, Z., (2019). An Investigation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) on Safety Climate at Workplace in Manufacturing Industry, Journal of Occupational Safety and Health, 16:2, 21 – 30.
34- Cooper M.D. (2000). Towords A Model of Safety Culture, safety Sciences Vol. 36, P. 111-136.
35- Smith TD, DeJoy DM, Dyal MA. Safety specific transformational leadership, safety motivation and personal protective equipment use among firefighters. Safety science. 2020 Nov 1; 131:104930.
36- Smith TD, Mullins-Jaime C, Dyal MA, DeJoy DM. Stress, burnout and diminished safety behaviors: an argument for Total Worker Health® approaches in the fire service. Journal of safety research. 2020 Dec 1; 75:189-95.
37- Jeung DY, Chang SJ. Moderating Effects of Organizational Climate on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Burnout among Korean Firefighters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021 Jan; 18(3):914.
38- Rajabi F, Molaeifar H, Jahangiri M, Taheri S, Banaee S, Farhadi P. Occupational stressors among firefighters: application of multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) Techniques. Heliyon. 2020 Apr 1; 6(4):e03820.
39- Martinez-Fiestas M, Rodríguez-Garzón I, Delgado-Padial A. Firefighter perception of risk: A multinational analysis. Safety science. 2020 Mar 1; 123:104545.
40- Ryu HY, Hyun DS, Jeung DY, Kim CS, Chang SJ. Organizational Climate Effects on the Relationship between Emotional Labor and Turnover Intention in Korean Firefighters. Safety and Health at Work. 2020 Dec 1; 11(4):479-84.
41- Todd D. Smith, David M. DeJoy, (2014) "Safety climate, safety behaviors and line-of-duty injuries in the fire service", International Journal of Emergency Services, Vol. 3 Issue: 1, pp.49-64, doi: 10.1108/IJES-04-2013-0010
42- Pedro, M., Arezes, A., Sérgio, M., (2003). The Role of Safety Culture in Safety Performance Measurement, Measuring Business Excellence, 7:4, 20 - 28
43- Walton, S., Conrad, K., Furner, S., Samo, D., (2003). Cause, Type and Workers' Compensation Costs of Injury to Firefighters. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 43, 454-458.
44- Adl Javad. Jahangiri Mehdi, Rismanchian Massoud, Marie Oryad Hossein, Karimi Ali, Ghaderi Mohammad Reza. Atmospheric safety assessment in a steel industry. Journal of the School of Health and the Institute of Health Research Volume 9, March 1, 2011, pp. 34 – 23
45- Mohammadi Zaidi, Issa, Heidarnia, Alireza, Niknami, Shamsuddin (2011): Assessing the safety atmosphere in the workplace, constructing the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, 10 (2) pp. 157-165
46- Mosadeghi, Mohsen, Vosoughi, Shahram, Babalu, Maryam (2016) To study the correlation between employee safety climate and statistical indicators of severity and frequency of accidents at work in the 63 kV transmission line project to Ziaran to Barakat Pharmaceutical Industrial Town, the first national management conference Crisis, safety, health, environment and sustainable development.
47- Cui L, Fan D, Fu G, Zhu CJ. An integrative model of organizational safety behavior. Journal of safety research. 2013 Jun 1; 45:37-46.
48- Hidari MH,Farshad AS.Arghami SH. Investigating the Relationship between Safety Atmosphere and Safe Behaviors in Production Line Employees of a Metal Industry in Arak, Iranian Journal of Occupational Health, Volume 4, Number 3 and 4. 2007.
49- Clarke S. An integrative model of safety climate: Linking psychological climate and work attitudes to individual safety outcomes using meta‐analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology. 2010 Sep; 83(3):553-78.
50- Smith TD, DeJoy DM, Dyal MA, Pu Y, Dickinson S. Multi-level safety climate associations with safety behaviors in the fire service. Journal of safety research. 2019 Jun 1; 69:53-60.
51- Givehchi S, Hemmativaghef E, Hoveidi H. Association between safety leading indicators and safety climate levels. Journal of safety research. 2017 Sep 1; 62:23-32.
52- Freaney C. Safety Culture and Safety Behaviors among Firefighters.2011.
53- Heidari M, Sajadi SH, Ghiyasi S. Assessment of Risk Perception and Safety Behavior among Firefighters of Operational Units in Tehran. International Journal of Occupational Hygiene. 2018 Dec 24; 10(4):199-208.
54- Gravand, Kakai, Hojjatullah, Mirzaei, Faizullah, Jamshidzadeh, Kobra, Zaidi Mofrad, Mehdi, Ground, Yousef. Identification of unsafe behaviors by safe behavior sampling method in workers of Ilam Gas Refining Company in 2013. Scientific Research Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2017 Nov 10; 25 (4): 99-107.
55- Mohamadfam I, Nouri J, Azadeh A. [The evaluation of safety behaviors in a gas treatment company in Iran]. J Loss Preve Proce Indus 2008; 21:25-319. (Persian)
56- Hashemeinejad N, Mohammad Fam I, Jafari R, Dortaj E, Kakaei H, Kakaei H. [Assessment of unsafe behavior types by safety behavior sampling method in oil refinery workes in 2009 and suggestions for control]. Occup Med quart J 2012; 4:25-33. (Persian)
57- Smith TD, Eldridge F, DeJoy DM. Safety-specific transformational and passive leadership influences on firefighter safety climate perceptions and safety behavior outcomes. Safety science. 2016 Jul 1; 86:92-7.
58- ÖZAY ME, YAZICI A, Rüştü UÇ. A Survey on Safety Culture: Fire Fighters. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences; 33(1):83-9.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 2 (2022) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Published | 2023-11-12 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Safety climate; Organization; Unsafe behaviors; Firefighters | ||
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How to Cite
1.
hokmabadi rajabali, Sadeghi H, karimi ali. Investigating Organizational Safety Climate and Its Impact on Incidence of Unsafe Behaviors among Firefighters. Int J Occup Hyg. 2023;14(2):114-121.
