Risk Assessment of Shift Work Disorders and Its Effect on Well-Being of Nurses in a Hospital in Iran
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Abstract
Background: Non-standard work shifts are one of the main risk factors for physical and mental disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of the Shift Work Disorder Screening (SWDS) questionnaire and examine the effect of shift work on the quality of life and well-being of nurses in a hospital in Iran.
Methods: This study was conducted on 85 nurses, of which 41 and 44 had shift and non-shift work, respectively. The SWDS was used to evaluate shift disorders, and the WHO-5 questionnaire was used to assess the well-being of nurses. ICC and alpha coefficients were used to evaluate the reliability. T-test and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the differences between demographic characteristics and questionnaire responses between the two groups of nurses.
Results: The SWDS reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and ICC were 0.913 and 0.845, respectively. Fifty-four percent of nurses were high risk, and 46% were low risk, regarding the SWD score. About 59% of shift workers were dissatisfied with their sleep. Nurses who had done shift work for less than a year and fewer than three days per week were less likely to experience disorders. There was a significant relationship between WHO score and SWD risk.
Conclusion: The SWD risk affects the well-being of individuals. The SWDS is a proper tool for shift work disorder risk assessment, and it can be used to assess the risk of adverse safety, health, and performance effects of SWD.
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26. Ahmadi O. Validity and reliability of Farsi version of office lighting survey Questionnaire (OLS). J Occup Hyg Eng. 2021;8(4):26-33.
27. Bech P, Olsen LR, Kjoller M, Rasmussen NK. Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO-Five well-being scale. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):85-91.
28. Bech VN, Per. The WHO quality of life (WHOQOL) questionnaire: Danish validation study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2001;55(4):229-35.
29. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Almasi-Hashiani A, Sepidarkish M, Amini P. The WHO-5 well-being index: a validation study in people with infertility. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(11):2058.
2. Maghzi Najafabadi A, Roohafza H, Feizi A, Sarrafzadegan N. Association between shiftwork and second job with quality of life: a cross-sectional study in a large sample of Isfahan steel company’s employees. Koomesh J. 2020;22(1):122-9.
3. Burchell B, Sehnbruch K, Piasna A, Agloni N. The quality of employment and decent work: definitions, methodologies, and ongoing debates. Camb J Econ. 2014;38(2):459-77.
4. Wickwire EM, Geiger-Brown J, Scharf SM, Drake CL. Shift work and shift work sleep disorder: clinical and organizational perspectives. Chest. 2017;151(5):1156-72.
5. Barger LK, Ogeil RP, Drake CL, O’Brien CS, Ng KT, Rajaratnam SM. Validation of a questionnaire to screen for shift work disorder. Sleep. 2012;35(12):1693-703.
6. Booker LA, Sletten TL, Alvaro PK, Barnes M, Collins A, Chai‐Coetzer CL, et al. Exploring the associations between shift work disorder, depression, anxiety and sick leave taken amongst nurses. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(3):e12872.
7. Vanttola P, Puttonen S, Karhula K, Oksanen T, Härmä M. Prevalence of shift work disorder among hospital personnel: A cross-sectional study using objective working hour data. J Sleep Res. 2020;29(3):e12906.
8. Åkerstedt T. Shift work–Sleepiness and sleep in transport. Sleep Med Clin. 2019;14(4):413-21.
9. Ganesan S, Magee M, Stone JE, Mulhall MD, Collins A, Howard ME, et al. The impact of shift work on sleep, alertness and performance in healthcare workers. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1-13.
10. Strohmaier S, Devore E, Zhang Y, Schernhammer E. A review of data of findings on night shift work and the development of DM and CVD events: a synthesis of the proposed molecular mechanisms. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(12):1-7.
11. Sadeghniiat-Haghighi K, Mehrabinejad MM, Hajighaderi A, Najafi A, Rahimi-Golkhandan A, Zahabi A. Shift work disorder, insomnia, and depression among offshore oil rig workers. Iran J Psychiatry. 2021;16(2):162.
12. Esmaily A, Jambarsang S, Mohammadian F, Mehrparvar AH. Effect of shift work on working memory, attention and response time in nurses. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2021:1-6.
13. Chen D, Jiang M, Shi X, Geng F, Qi H, Zhang Y, et al. Predictors of the initiation of shift work disorder among Chinese intern nurses: a prospective study. Sleep Med. 2020;68:199-206.
14. Shockey TM, Wheaton AG. Short sleep duration by occupation group—29 states, 2013–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(8):207.
15. Etemadi Nezhad S, Yazdani Charati J, Pourhossein M. Physical and Psychological Problems Associated with Shiftworking in Nurses of Mazandaran Province, 2017. J Health Care. 2019;20(4):312-20.
16. Park E, Lee HY, Park CSY. Association between sleep quality and nurse productivity among Korean clinical nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2018;26(8):1051-8.
17. McElroy SF, Olney A, Hunt C, Glennon C. Shift work and hospital employees: A descriptive multi-site study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;112:103746.
18. Rosa D, Terzoni S, Dellafiore F, Destrebecq A. Systematic review of shift work and nurses’ health. Occup Med (Lond). 2019;69(4):237-43.
19. Sheikhmozafari MJ. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the NPQ Neck Pain Assessment Questionnaire among Iranian housekeeping company workers. J Occup Hyg Eng. 2022;9(2):120-8.
20. Sheikhmozafari MJ, Alizade PM, Ahmadi O. Validation of the Persian version of the workplace physical-ergonomic conditions evaluation (PECE) questionnaire. Int J Musculoskeletal Pain Prev. 2021;6(3):554-61.
21. Ahmadi O. Reliability and validity assessment of the Persian version of the noise exposure questionnaire (NEQ): an NIHL predictor tool. J Occup Health Epidemiol. 2022;11(3):209-22.
22. Nena E, Katsaouni M, Steiropoulos P, Theodorou E, Constantinidis TC, Tripsianis G. Effect of shift work on sleep, health, and quality of life of health-care workers. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2018;22(1):29.
23. Wen CC, Nicholas CL, Clarke-Errey S, Howard ME, Trinder J, Jordan AS. Health risks and potential predictors of fatigue and sleepiness in airline cabin crew. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(1):13.
24. Tsang S, Royse CF, Terkawi AS. Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(Suppl 1):S80.
25. Mohammad Alizadeh P, Ahmadi O, Mazloomi B. Assessment of Noise Effect on Employee Comfort in an Open-Plan Office: Validation of an Assessment Questionnaire. J Occup Health Epidemiol. 2021;10(3):193-203.
26. Ahmadi O. Validity and reliability of Farsi version of office lighting survey Questionnaire (OLS). J Occup Hyg Eng. 2021;8(4):26-33.
27. Bech P, Olsen LR, Kjoller M, Rasmussen NK. Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 Mental Health subscale and the WHO-Five well-being scale. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):85-91.
28. Bech VN, Per. The WHO quality of life (WHOQOL) questionnaire: Danish validation study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2001;55(4):229-35.
29. Omani-Samani R, Maroufizadeh S, Almasi-Hashiani A, Sepidarkish M, Amini P. The WHO-5 well-being index: a validation study in people with infertility. Iran J Public Health. 2019;48(11):2058.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 1 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article(s) | |
| Published | 2025-03-03 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Nurses Hospitals Questionnaire Risk Assessment well-being Shift work disorder | ||
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How to Cite
1.
SheikhMozafari MJ, MirnajafiZadeh F, Mohsenian A. Risk Assessment of Shift Work Disorders and Its Effect on Well-Being of Nurses in a Hospital in Iran. Int J Occup Hyg. 2025;17(1):8-18.
