Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation, and Control: How AI and Digitalization Are Going to Revolutionize Health and Safety at Work?
Abstract
Background: Occupational Health and Safety deals with hazards in the workplace through Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation, and Control (AREC). Modern workplaces are given considerable digital makeovers, trying to integrate AI, IoT, robotics, and VR/AR, which from a wide perspective really distort OHS approaches in their being. These technologies put forth expectations of miraculous improvements but also pose newer risks.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted to systematically examine the changes brought by AI and digitalization to the OHS missions. Searches were made through PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science, while Google was also used to retrieve organizational reports. Information was grouped and analyzed within the AREC framework, detailing the newest achievements as well as challenges.
Results: Exoskeletons prevent musculoskeletal injuries; UAVs inspect inaccessible areas; IoT enables real-time monitoring; VR/AR offers immersive training and hazard recognition; AI and robots predict hazards and automate dangerous tasks; and advanced technologies improve OHS across AREC. However, in addition to new physical risks from human-machine interaction, this adoption brings with it cybersecurity threats, data privacy issues, the possibility of job displacement, the risk that an over-reliance on technology will erode human skills, and complex ethical implications.
Conclusion: In conclusion, digitalization has revolutionary OHS benefits, but it also necessitates a worker-centered, ethical, and balanced approach. Companies need to make training investments, make sure that data is used ethically, conduct in-depth risk assessments, and promote ongoing development. To guarantee safe, and efficient technology integration, policymakers and researchers play a critical role in revising laws, creating ethical frameworks, and examining long-term impacts.
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6. Leesakul N, Oostveen AM, Eimontaite I, Wilson ML, Hyde R. Workplace 4.0: Exploring the implications of technology adoption in digital manufacturing on a sustainable workforce. Sustainability. 2022;14(6):3311.
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9. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R, Qadri MA. Green technologies and sustainability. Green Technol Sustain. 2023;1(1):1-10.
10. Al Masri A, da Costa BBF, Vasco D, Boer D, Haddad AN, Najjar MK. Roles of robotics in architectural and engineering construction industries: review and future trends. J Build Des Environ. 2024;2(1):28029.
11. Sarkar S, Vinay S, Raj R, Maiti J, Mitra P. Application of optimized machine learning techniques for prediction of occupational accidents. Comput Oper Res. 2019;106:210-24.
12. Oladele MO. Temporal Analysis of Construction Safety Incidents in Southeastern US Using Machine Learning Techniques [dissertation]. [Gainesville (FL)]: University of Florida; 2025.
13. Howard J, Murashov V, Branche CM. Unmanned aerial vehicles in construction and worker safety. Am J Ind Med. 2018;61(1):3-10.
14. Mohsan SAH, Othman NQH, Li Y, Alsharif MH, Khan MA. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): Practical aspects, applications, open challenges, security issues, and future trends. Intell Serv Robot. 2023;16(1):109-37.
15. Mei G, Xu N, Qin J, Wang B, Qi P. A survey of Internet of Things (IoT) for geohazard prevention: Applications, technologies, and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 2019;7(5):4371-86.
16. Esposito M, Palma L, Belli A, Sabbatini L, Pierleoni P. Recent advances in internet of things solutions for early warning systems: A review. Sensors. 2022;22(6):2124.
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18. Ozdemir MA. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies for accessibility and marketing in the tourism industry. In: Buhalis D, editor. ICT tools and applications for accessible tourism. Hershey (PA): IGI Global; 2021. p. 277-301.
19. Zelik KE, Nurse CA, Schall MC Jr, Sesek RF, Marino MC, Gallagher S. An ergonomic assessment tool for evaluating the effect of back exoskeletons on injury risk. Appl Ergon. 2022;99:103619.
20. Cognominal M, Patronymic K, Wańkowicz A. Evolving field of autonomous mobile robotics: Technological advances and applications. Fusion Multidiscip Res Int J. 2021;2(2):189-200.
21. Medewar AG, Sawarkar AD, Kshirsagar UV, Kshirsagar U. A review on fire and smoke detection with intelligent control for enhanced safety using machine learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT). Cureus J. 2024;1(1):3-15.
22. Pishgar M, Issa SF, Sietsema M, Pratap P, Darabi H. REDECA: a novel framework to review artificial intelligence and its applications in occupational safety and health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6705.
23. de Looze MP, Bosch T, Krause F, Stadler KS, O’Sullivan LW. Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load. Ergonomics. 2016;59(5):671-81.
24. Sreenivasan G. Wearable knee exoskeleton-assisted postural balance enhancement for industrial workers [dissertation]. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; 2023.
25. Solodov A, Williams A, Al Hanaei S, Goddard B. Analyzing the threat of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to nuclear facilities. Secur J. 2018;31(1):305-24.
26. Hildmann H, Kovacs E. Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as mobile sensing platforms (MSPs) for disaster response, civil security and public safety. Drones. 2019;3(3):59.
27. Ejaz U, Ramon W, Jeol P. IoT for Hazard Detection and Worker Safety Monitoring. J Saf Res. 2025;82:145-58.
28. Li X, Yi W, Chi HL, Wang X, Chan AP. A critical review of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications in construction safety. Autom Constr. 2018;86:150-62.
29. Faiz T, Tsun MTK, Mahmud AA, Sim KY. A scoping review on Hazard recognition and prevention using augmented and virtual reality. Computers. 2024;13(12):307.
30. Kim K, Kim H, Kim H. Image-based construction hazard avoidance system using augmented reality in wearable device. Autom Constr. 2017;83:390-403.
31. Kamal AA, Junaini SN, Hashim AH, Sukor FS, Said MF. The Enhancement of OSH Training with an Augmented Reality-Based App. Int J Online Biomed Eng. 2021;17(13):101-17.
32. Okpala I, Nnaji C, Gambatese J. Assessment tool for human–robot interaction safety risks during construction operations. J Constr Eng Manage. 2023;149(1):04022145.
33. Ozobu CO, Adikwu FE, Odujobi O, Onyekwe FO, Nwulu EO, Daraojimba AI. Leveraging AI and machine learning to predict occupational diseases: A conceptual framework for proactive health risk management in high-risk industries. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;20(3):1234-45.
34. Shah IA, Mishra S. Reimagining occupational health and safety in the era of AI. In: A Biologist’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2024. p. 79-96.
35. Božić V. AI and predictive analytics. J Sports Ind Blockchain Technol. 2023;1(11):1-10.
36. Crea S, Beckerle P, de Looze M, De Pauw K, Grazi L, Kermavnar T, et al. Occupational exoskeletons: A roadmap toward large-scale adoption. Methodology and challenges of bringing exoskeletons to workplaces. Wearable Technol. 2021;2:e11.
37. Taborri J, Pasinetti S, Cardinali L, Perroni F, Rossi S. Preventing and monitoring work-related diseases in firefighters: A literature review on sensor-based systems and future perspectives in robotic devices. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9723.
38. Srinivasan B, Iqbal MU, Shahab MA, Srinivasan R. Review of virtual reality (VR) applications to enhance chemical safety: from students to plant operators. ACS Chem Health Saf. 2022;29(3):246-62.
39. Ozobu CO, Adikwu FE, Cynthia OO, Onyeke FO, Nwulu EO. Developing an AI-powered occupational health surveillance system for real-time detection and management of workplace health hazards. World J Innov Mod Technol. 2025;9(1):156-85.
40. Fanti G, Spinazzè A, Borghi F, Rovelli S, Campagnolo D, Keller M, et al. Evolution and applications of recent sensing technology for occupational risk assessment: a rapid review of the literature. Sensors. 2022;22(13):4841.
41. Stefan H, Mortimer M, Horan B. Evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality for safety-relevant training: a systematic review. Virtual Real. 2023;27(4):2839-69.
42. Trevelyan J, Hamel WR, Kang SC. Robotics in hazardous applications. In: Siciliano B, Khatib O, editors. Springer handbook of robotics. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 1521-48.
43. Espinosa Peralta P. Advanced Techniques for Robotics Manipulation in Hazardous Environments [dissertation]. Madrid: ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; 2025.
44. Aziz S, Dowling M. Machine learning and AI for risk management. In: Lynn T, Mooney JG, Rosati P, Cummins M, editors. Disrupting finance. Cham: Palgrave Pivot; 2019. p. 33-50.
45. Nnaji C, Okpala I, Gambatese J, Jin Z. Controlling safety and health challenges intrinsic in exoskeleton use in construction. Saf Sci. 2023;157:105943.
46. Kim S, Moore A, Srinivasan D, Akanmu A, Barr A, Harris-Adamson C, et al. Potential of exoskeleton technologies to enhance safety, health, and performance in construction: Industry perspectives and future research directions. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors. 2019;7(3-4):185-91.
47. Aiello G, Hopps F, Santisi D, Venticinque M. The employment of unmanned aerial vehicles for analyzing and mitigating disaster risks in industrial sites. IEEE Trans Eng Manage. 2020;67(3):519-30.
48. Botti L, Duraccio V, Gnoni MG, Mora C. A framework for preventing and managing risks in confined spaces through IOT technologies. In: Podofillini L, Sudret B, Stojadinović B, Zio E, Kröger W, editors. Safety and Reliability of Complex Engineered Systems - Proceedings of the 25th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2015); 2015 Sep 7-10; Zurich, Switzerland. London: CRC Press; 2015. p. 2105-12.
49. Podgórski D, Majchrzycka K, Dąbrowska A, Gralewicz G, Okrasa M. Towards a conceptual framework of OSH risk management in smart working environments based on smart PPE, ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things technologies. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2017;23(1):1-20.
50. Marques B, Silva S, Alves J, Rocha A, Dias P, Santos BS. Remote collaboration in maintenance contexts using augmented reality: insights from a participatory process. Int J Interact Des Manuf. 2022;16(1):419-38.
51. Shaik AK, Mohammadi A, Malik H. A Systematic Review of Sensor Vulnerabilities and Cyber‐Physical Threats in Industrial Robotic Systems. IET Cyber-Phys Syst Theory Appl. 2025;10(1):e70023.
52. Akter F, Saky SAI, Akter Y, Azizan N. Cybersecurity and Digital Threats in the Workplace: Evaluating the Imperative for OSHA Integration into Employee Safety Standards in Malaysia. J Occup Health Saf. 2024;12(3):45-58.
53. Tulli SKC. Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in advanced robotics, a review. Int J Acta Inform. 2024;3(1):35-58.
54. Brougham D, Haar J. Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. J Manag Organ. 2018;24(2):239-57.
55. George AS, Baskar T, Srikaanth PB. The erosion of cognitive skills in the technological age: How reliance on technology impacts critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Partners Univers Innov Res Publ. 2024;2(3):147-63.
56. George AS, Baskar T, Srikaanth PB. The Erosion of Cognitive Skills in the Technological Age: How Reliance on Technology Impacts Critical Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Creativity. Partners Univers Innov Res Publ. 2024;2(3):147-63.
57. Bouchikhi ME, Weerts S, Clavien C. The internet of things deployed for occupational health and safety purposes: A qualitative study of opportunities and ethical issues. PLoS One. 2024;19(12):e0315671.
58. El Bouchikhi M, Weerts S, Clavien C. Behind the good of digital tools for occupational safety and health: a scoping review of ethical issues surrounding the use of the internet of things. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1468646.
59. Mapungwana P. Addressing the Ethical and Data Privacy Concerns Related to AI in Occupational Health and Safety: Ethical Issues in OHS. In: Khan MA, editor. Cases on AI Innovations in Occupational Health and Safety. Hershey (PA): IGI Global; 2025. p. 1-22.
60. Vasic M, Billard A. Safety issues in human-robot interactions. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA); 2013 May 6-10; Karlsruhe, Germany. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 2013. p. 197-204.
61. Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, et al. Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(5):1655-80.
62. Jeelani I, Gheisari M. Safety challenges of human-drone interactions on construction jobsites. In: Mutis I, Hartmann T, editors. Automation and robotics in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 143-64.
63. Okpala I, Nnaji C. Insidious risks of wearable robots to worker safety and health: a scoping review. J Safety Res. 2024;88:382-94.
64. Nasr A, Inkol K, McPhee J. Safety in wearable robotic exoskeletons: design, control, and testing guidelines. J Mech Robot. 2025;17(5):050801.
2. Adisesh A, Zalk D, Harrington M. Physical Hazards–Light, Heat, Noise, Vibration. In: Gardiner K, Rees D, Adisesh A, Zalk D, Harrington M, editors. Pocket Consultant: Occupational Health. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Blackwell; 2022. p. 167-98.
3. Hisam A, Mashhadi SF, Saqib A, Naveed MS, Sadiq MR, Imtiaz T, Ashraf A. Biological, physical, ergonomic, chemical and psychological Hazard awareness among health care and non-healthcare workers. Pak Armed Forces Med J. 2022;72(Suppl 3):S908-13.
4. Kaassis B, Badri A. Development of a preliminary model for evaluating occupational health and safety risk management maturity in small and medium-sized enterprises. Safety. 2018;4(1):5.
5. Obasi IC, Benson C. The Impact of Digitalization and Information and Communication Technology on the Nature and Organization of Work and the Emerging Challenges for Occupational Safety and Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2025;22(3):362.
6. Leesakul N, Oostveen AM, Eimontaite I, Wilson ML, Hyde R. Workplace 4.0: Exploring the implications of technology adoption in digital manufacturing on a sustainable workforce. Sustainability. 2022;14(6):3311.
7. Stofberg L, Strasheim A, Koekemoer E. Digitalisation in the workplace: the role of technology on employee engagement and creativity teams. In: Coetzee M, Potgieter IL, Ferreira N, editors. Agile coping in the digital workplace: Emerging issues for research and practice. Cham: Springer; 2021. p. 231-57.
8. Badri A, Boudreau-Trudel B, Souissi AS. Occupational health and safety in the industry 4.0 era: A cause for major concern? Saf Sci. 2018;109:403-11.
9. Haleem A, Javaid M, Singh RP, Suman R, Qadri MA. Green technologies and sustainability. Green Technol Sustain. 2023;1(1):1-10.
10. Al Masri A, da Costa BBF, Vasco D, Boer D, Haddad AN, Najjar MK. Roles of robotics in architectural and engineering construction industries: review and future trends. J Build Des Environ. 2024;2(1):28029.
11. Sarkar S, Vinay S, Raj R, Maiti J, Mitra P. Application of optimized machine learning techniques for prediction of occupational accidents. Comput Oper Res. 2019;106:210-24.
12. Oladele MO. Temporal Analysis of Construction Safety Incidents in Southeastern US Using Machine Learning Techniques [dissertation]. [Gainesville (FL)]: University of Florida; 2025.
13. Howard J, Murashov V, Branche CM. Unmanned aerial vehicles in construction and worker safety. Am J Ind Med. 2018;61(1):3-10.
14. Mohsan SAH, Othman NQH, Li Y, Alsharif MH, Khan MA. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs): Practical aspects, applications, open challenges, security issues, and future trends. Intell Serv Robot. 2023;16(1):109-37.
15. Mei G, Xu N, Qin J, Wang B, Qi P. A survey of Internet of Things (IoT) for geohazard prevention: Applications, technologies, and challenges. IEEE Internet Things J. 2019;7(5):4371-86.
16. Esposito M, Palma L, Belli A, Sabbatini L, Pierleoni P. Recent advances in internet of things solutions for early warning systems: A review. Sensors. 2022;22(6):2124.
17. Wahana A, Marfuah HH. The use of augmented reality to build occupational health and safety (OHS) learning media. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series; 2021 Mar 18-19; Semarang, Indonesia. Bristol: IOP Publishing; 2021. p. 012089.
18. Ozdemir MA. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies for accessibility and marketing in the tourism industry. In: Buhalis D, editor. ICT tools and applications for accessible tourism. Hershey (PA): IGI Global; 2021. p. 277-301.
19. Zelik KE, Nurse CA, Schall MC Jr, Sesek RF, Marino MC, Gallagher S. An ergonomic assessment tool for evaluating the effect of back exoskeletons on injury risk. Appl Ergon. 2022;99:103619.
20. Cognominal M, Patronymic K, Wańkowicz A. Evolving field of autonomous mobile robotics: Technological advances and applications. Fusion Multidiscip Res Int J. 2021;2(2):189-200.
21. Medewar AG, Sawarkar AD, Kshirsagar UV, Kshirsagar U. A review on fire and smoke detection with intelligent control for enhanced safety using machine learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT). Cureus J. 2024;1(1):3-15.
22. Pishgar M, Issa SF, Sietsema M, Pratap P, Darabi H. REDECA: a novel framework to review artificial intelligence and its applications in occupational safety and health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(13):6705.
23. de Looze MP, Bosch T, Krause F, Stadler KS, O’Sullivan LW. Exoskeletons for industrial application and their potential effects on physical work load. Ergonomics. 2016;59(5):671-81.
24. Sreenivasan G. Wearable knee exoskeleton-assisted postural balance enhancement for industrial workers [dissertation]. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; 2023.
25. Solodov A, Williams A, Al Hanaei S, Goddard B. Analyzing the threat of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to nuclear facilities. Secur J. 2018;31(1):305-24.
26. Hildmann H, Kovacs E. Using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as mobile sensing platforms (MSPs) for disaster response, civil security and public safety. Drones. 2019;3(3):59.
27. Ejaz U, Ramon W, Jeol P. IoT for Hazard Detection and Worker Safety Monitoring. J Saf Res. 2025;82:145-58.
28. Li X, Yi W, Chi HL, Wang X, Chan AP. A critical review of virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications in construction safety. Autom Constr. 2018;86:150-62.
29. Faiz T, Tsun MTK, Mahmud AA, Sim KY. A scoping review on Hazard recognition and prevention using augmented and virtual reality. Computers. 2024;13(12):307.
30. Kim K, Kim H, Kim H. Image-based construction hazard avoidance system using augmented reality in wearable device. Autom Constr. 2017;83:390-403.
31. Kamal AA, Junaini SN, Hashim AH, Sukor FS, Said MF. The Enhancement of OSH Training with an Augmented Reality-Based App. Int J Online Biomed Eng. 2021;17(13):101-17.
32. Okpala I, Nnaji C, Gambatese J. Assessment tool for human–robot interaction safety risks during construction operations. J Constr Eng Manage. 2023;149(1):04022145.
33. Ozobu CO, Adikwu FE, Odujobi O, Onyekwe FO, Nwulu EO, Daraojimba AI. Leveraging AI and machine learning to predict occupational diseases: A conceptual framework for proactive health risk management in high-risk industries. World J Adv Res Rev. 2023;20(3):1234-45.
34. Shah IA, Mishra S. Reimagining occupational health and safety in the era of AI. In: A Biologist’s Guide to Artificial Intelligence. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2024. p. 79-96.
35. Božić V. AI and predictive analytics. J Sports Ind Blockchain Technol. 2023;1(11):1-10.
36. Crea S, Beckerle P, de Looze M, De Pauw K, Grazi L, Kermavnar T, et al. Occupational exoskeletons: A roadmap toward large-scale adoption. Methodology and challenges of bringing exoskeletons to workplaces. Wearable Technol. 2021;2:e11.
37. Taborri J, Pasinetti S, Cardinali L, Perroni F, Rossi S. Preventing and monitoring work-related diseases in firefighters: A literature review on sensor-based systems and future perspectives in robotic devices. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9723.
38. Srinivasan B, Iqbal MU, Shahab MA, Srinivasan R. Review of virtual reality (VR) applications to enhance chemical safety: from students to plant operators. ACS Chem Health Saf. 2022;29(3):246-62.
39. Ozobu CO, Adikwu FE, Cynthia OO, Onyeke FO, Nwulu EO. Developing an AI-powered occupational health surveillance system for real-time detection and management of workplace health hazards. World J Innov Mod Technol. 2025;9(1):156-85.
40. Fanti G, Spinazzè A, Borghi F, Rovelli S, Campagnolo D, Keller M, et al. Evolution and applications of recent sensing technology for occupational risk assessment: a rapid review of the literature. Sensors. 2022;22(13):4841.
41. Stefan H, Mortimer M, Horan B. Evaluating the effectiveness of virtual reality for safety-relevant training: a systematic review. Virtual Real. 2023;27(4):2839-69.
42. Trevelyan J, Hamel WR, Kang SC. Robotics in hazardous applications. In: Siciliano B, Khatib O, editors. Springer handbook of robotics. 2nd ed. Cham: Springer; 2016. p. 1521-48.
43. Espinosa Peralta P. Advanced Techniques for Robotics Manipulation in Hazardous Environments [dissertation]. Madrid: ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; 2025.
44. Aziz S, Dowling M. Machine learning and AI for risk management. In: Lynn T, Mooney JG, Rosati P, Cummins M, editors. Disrupting finance. Cham: Palgrave Pivot; 2019. p. 33-50.
45. Nnaji C, Okpala I, Gambatese J, Jin Z. Controlling safety and health challenges intrinsic in exoskeleton use in construction. Saf Sci. 2023;157:105943.
46. Kim S, Moore A, Srinivasan D, Akanmu A, Barr A, Harris-Adamson C, et al. Potential of exoskeleton technologies to enhance safety, health, and performance in construction: Industry perspectives and future research directions. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors. 2019;7(3-4):185-91.
47. Aiello G, Hopps F, Santisi D, Venticinque M. The employment of unmanned aerial vehicles for analyzing and mitigating disaster risks in industrial sites. IEEE Trans Eng Manage. 2020;67(3):519-30.
48. Botti L, Duraccio V, Gnoni MG, Mora C. A framework for preventing and managing risks in confined spaces through IOT technologies. In: Podofillini L, Sudret B, Stojadinović B, Zio E, Kröger W, editors. Safety and Reliability of Complex Engineered Systems - Proceedings of the 25th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2015); 2015 Sep 7-10; Zurich, Switzerland. London: CRC Press; 2015. p. 2105-12.
49. Podgórski D, Majchrzycka K, Dąbrowska A, Gralewicz G, Okrasa M. Towards a conceptual framework of OSH risk management in smart working environments based on smart PPE, ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things technologies. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2017;23(1):1-20.
50. Marques B, Silva S, Alves J, Rocha A, Dias P, Santos BS. Remote collaboration in maintenance contexts using augmented reality: insights from a participatory process. Int J Interact Des Manuf. 2022;16(1):419-38.
51. Shaik AK, Mohammadi A, Malik H. A Systematic Review of Sensor Vulnerabilities and Cyber‐Physical Threats in Industrial Robotic Systems. IET Cyber-Phys Syst Theory Appl. 2025;10(1):e70023.
52. Akter F, Saky SAI, Akter Y, Azizan N. Cybersecurity and Digital Threats in the Workplace: Evaluating the Imperative for OSHA Integration into Employee Safety Standards in Malaysia. J Occup Health Saf. 2024;12(3):45-58.
53. Tulli SKC. Artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning in advanced robotics, a review. Int J Acta Inform. 2024;3(1):35-58.
54. Brougham D, Haar J. Smart Technology, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Algorithms (STARA): Employees’ perceptions of our future workplace. J Manag Organ. 2018;24(2):239-57.
55. George AS, Baskar T, Srikaanth PB. The erosion of cognitive skills in the technological age: How reliance on technology impacts critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. Partners Univers Innov Res Publ. 2024;2(3):147-63.
56. George AS, Baskar T, Srikaanth PB. The Erosion of Cognitive Skills in the Technological Age: How Reliance on Technology Impacts Critical Thinking, Problem-Solving, and Creativity. Partners Univers Innov Res Publ. 2024;2(3):147-63.
57. Bouchikhi ME, Weerts S, Clavien C. The internet of things deployed for occupational health and safety purposes: A qualitative study of opportunities and ethical issues. PLoS One. 2024;19(12):e0315671.
58. El Bouchikhi M, Weerts S, Clavien C. Behind the good of digital tools for occupational safety and health: a scoping review of ethical issues surrounding the use of the internet of things. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1468646.
59. Mapungwana P. Addressing the Ethical and Data Privacy Concerns Related to AI in Occupational Health and Safety: Ethical Issues in OHS. In: Khan MA, editor. Cases on AI Innovations in Occupational Health and Safety. Hershey (PA): IGI Global; 2025. p. 1-22.
60. Vasic M, Billard A. Safety issues in human-robot interactions. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA); 2013 May 6-10; Karlsruhe, Germany. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 2013. p. 197-204.
61. Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, Deori N, Kaur S, Jethani J, et al. Digital Eye Strain- A Comprehensive Review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(5):1655-80.
62. Jeelani I, Gheisari M. Safety challenges of human-drone interactions on construction jobsites. In: Mutis I, Hartmann T, editors. Automation and robotics in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Cham: Springer; 2022. p. 143-64.
63. Okpala I, Nnaji C. Insidious risks of wearable robots to worker safety and health: a scoping review. J Safety Res. 2024;88:382-94.
64. Nasr A, Inkol K, McPhee J. Safety in wearable robotic exoskeletons: design, control, and testing guidelines. J Mech Robot. 2025;17(5):050801.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 17 No 3 (2025) | |
| Section | Review Article(s) | |
| Published | 2026-06-08 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Occupational Health and Safety Digitalization AI Risk Assessment Risk Management | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Mehrparvar N, Omari Shekaftik S. Anticipation, Recognition, Evaluation, and Control: How AI and Digitalization Are Going to Revolutionize Health and Safety at Work?. Int J Occup Hyg. 2026;17(3):178-189.
