Health risk assessment of activities involving nanomaterials is a basic and necessary step toward reducing exposure to nanomaterials and, consequently, minimizing the effects resulting from such exposure. Health risk assessment methodologies in the presence of chemical substances, including nanomaterials, can be divided into three major groups: quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative methods. The quantitative assessment of risks associated with activities involving nanomaterials faces a series of inherent limitations, which have led to its limited acceptance. The absence of well-established and universally agreed-upon occupational exposure limits, and the uncertainties surrounding the effects of nanomaterials on humans, are some of these limitations. Qualitative approaches, based on precautionary principles and expert judgment, offer flexible, context-sensitive evaluation, whereas semi-quantitative approaches have a more ordered framework that nonetheless allows for adaptability in the balancing of numerical analysis with qualitative insight. Yet, parallel efforts toward the development and refinement of quantitative methods must not be forsaken, as such methods are considered indispensable for the future to realize more accurate and reliable risk assessments. This will give a more holistic and realistic assessment of nanomaterial risks due to this dual approach.

Background: The increasing global use of mobile phones has raised concerns about the potential effects of microwave (MW) and radiofrequency (RF) radiation on male reproductive health. This systematic review aims to evaluate recent evidence (2015–2024) regarding the impact of mobile phone exposure on male reproductive cells.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using keywords such as “mobile phones” ,“sperm” and “reproduction.” Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion criteria, and data were extracted by year, geographic location, exposure frequency, and reproductive outcomes.
Results: The review revealed that sperm motility and morphology were the most frequently examined parameters. Experimental studies—particularly those involving animal models—dominate the literature, with a notable concentration of research originating from Asian countries such as India. However, a striking lack of cohort studies remains, limiting insights into long-term, real-world effects on human fertility.
Conclusion: This review highlights potential adverse effects of mobile phone exposure on male reproductive cells but emphasizes the need for standardized methodologies and additional cohort studies to fill existing gaps. Future research should prioritize well-controlled, longitudinal cohort studies to clarify associated risks and guide public health recommendations, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of mobile phone use.